Linux Log Rotation Strategies for High Volume Application Logs
For high volume application logs, rotate by size as well as by time, compress old files, limit retention, and prefer telling the application to reopen its log...
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MySQL Slow Query Log Analysis for Production Tuning
The MySQL slow query log records statements that run longer than a threshold, and analyzing it shows which queries cost the most in total time, not just which...
Bash Argument Parsing With getopts vs Manual Case Statements
The built-in getopts handles short options such as -v and -f file reliably and portably, but it does not support long options like --verbose. A manual while...
Linux Disk Space Monitoring and Inode Exhaustion Prevention
A Linux filesystem can run out of space in two ways: it can run out of blocks, which is what df -h shows, or it can run out of inodes, which is shown by df -i....
Nginx Security Headers Configuration for Web Applications
Nginx can add important security headers to every response: Strict-Transport-Security to enforce HTTPS, X-Content-Type-Options to stop MIME sniffing, a frame...
Nginx WebSocket Proxying and Idle Timeout Behavior
To proxy WebSockets through Nginx, use HTTP/1.1 and pass the Upgrade and Connection headers to the backend. Connections are closed when idle longer than...
Linux Systemd Service Hardening Options for Network Daemons
Systemd can sandbox a network daemon with a few unit file options: run it as an unprivileged user, set NoNewPrivileges, make most of the filesystem read-only...
Nginx Load Balancing Algorithms for Stateless APIs
For stateless APIs, round robin is a sound default in Nginx, and least connections is usually the better choice when request durations vary a lot. Hash-based...
Nginx Static Asset Caching With Cache Control and ETag Headers
For static assets, the best Nginx setup combines fingerprinted filenames with long-lived Cache-Control headers, so browsers cache files for a long time and...